The design, construction, and commissioning of the KATRIN experiment

The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which aims to make a direct and model-independent determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, is a complex experiment with many components. More than 15 years ago, we published a technical design report (TDR) [1] to describe the hardware design and requirements to achieve our sensitivity goal of 0.2 eV at 90% C.L. on the neutrino mass. Since then there has been considerable progress, culminating in the publication of first neutrino mass results with the entire beamline operating [2]. In this paper, we document the current state of all completed beamline components (as of the first neutrino mass measurement campaign), demonstrate our ability to reliably and stably control them over long times, and present details on their respective commissioning campaigns

Permethylation of Oligomeric and Polymeric Carbohydrates and Quantitative Analysis of the Cleavage Products

Methylation of mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides with methyl iodide/barium oxide or dimethyl sulfate/barium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent rapidly leads to high degrees of methylation. Depending on the structure and solubility of the substrate, permethylation can be achieved either in one operation or by repetition of the same treatment. Procedures of permethylation of various carbohydrates are given. The methyl glycosides obtained on methanolysis can be separated and determined quantitatively by gas chromatography. The preparation of separating columns with minimum retention for this purpose is described. Pullulan was shown to have the structure of a completely linear polymer of maltotriose units connected by α-1→6-linkages. – In addition the gaschromatographic identification of methyl ethers of glucosamine and galactosamine is reported

Permethylierung von oligomeren und polymeren Kohlenhydraten und quantitative Analyse der Spaltungsprodukte

Mit Dimethylsulfoxyd als Lösungsmittel und Methyljodid/Bariumoxyd oder Dimethylsulfat/Bariumhydroxyd als Methylierungsmittel lassen sich bei Mono-, Oligo- und Polysacchariden schnell hohe Methylierungsgrade erreichen. Je nach Struktur und Löslichkeit des Substrates gelingt die Permethylierung in einem Arbeitsgang oder erst nach Wiederholung desselben. Es werden Vorschriften für die Permethylierung verschiedener Kohlenhydrate angegeben. — Die nach einer Methanolyse erhaltenen Methylglykoside werden gaschromatographisch getrennt und quantitativ bestimmt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Herstellung von Trennsäulen mit minimaler Retention beschrieben. Für das Pullulan wird die Konstitution einer vollständig linearen, α-1 → 6-verknüpften Poly-maltotriose bewiesen. In einem Anhang wird über die gaschromatographische Identifizierung von Methyläthern des Glucosamins und Galaktosamins berichtet

Assessment of emotional responses in preschoolers to an age-adapted stress task: Picture-based stress test and facial coding

The capacity to respond and adapt to challenging conditions is known to impact on behavioral problems even in young children. Previous studies revealed that limited flexibility to adapt and respond to stress or challenging conditions is related to externalizing behavior problems already in 1.5 to 3-year old [1], but also to internalizing problems in older children aged 3 to 6 years [2]. Stress responses represent the adaptation to a challenging condition on a physiological, a cognitive, an emotional and a behavioral level. The assessment of stress response helps to understand potential risk conditions of psychopathological processes in young children. So far, mainly physiological stress responses have been in the focus of the research field and not emotional or behavioral responses to stress. Physiological stress responses (responses of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)) are commonly measured during lab-based stress tasks [3] such as the classic Trier Social Stress Test TSST [4] which is a validand well-established social stress task for adults and adapted for older children [5]. The TSST includes socio-evaluative threats and uncontrollability. These factors are known to provoke physiological stress responses (HPA and ANS) even in young children [6-10]

Abscheidung von Chlorbenzol mittels Flugstromverfahren an der KASO

Rauchgase von Abfallverbrennungsanlagen enthalten Schadstoffe wie polychlorierte Dioxine und Furane (PCDD und PCDF) sowie Quecksilber in Form von Hg"o und Hg"2"+. Zur Verminderung von Restemissionen werden zunehmend Flugstromverfahren eingesetzt, bei denen Aktivkohle oder Herdofenkoks gemischt mit Branntkalk verwendet werden. An einer Katalysator- und Sorptionsanlage (KASO) zur Behandlung von gasfoermigen Restschadstoffen wurde untersucht: - Ob die Adsorption am Sorbens in der Flugasche oder auf den Filterschlaeuchen stattfindet, - welchen Einfluss die Verweilzeit des Sorbens im Gasstrom und der Branntkalk auf die Sorption ausueben und - wie sich die Herdofenkoks-Konzentration auf die Sorption auswirkt. Untersucht wurde die Sorption von Chlorbenzol als Leitsubstanz (5 mgC/Nm"3) fuer fluechtige organische Komponenten an Herdofenkoks/Branntkalk-(HOK/CaO-)Mischungen in den Zusammensetzungen 4, 10, 20 und 30%. Die Verweilzeiten dieser mit einer Zweistoffduese in den Gasstrom eingespeisten Sorbentien betrugen zwischen 4,5 und 18 s, bevor sie auf einen Schlauchfilter abgeschieden wurden. (orig.)Flue gases from waste incineration plants typically contain pollutants such as polychlorinated dioxins, furans (PCDD/PCDF), and mercury in the form of Hg"o and Hg"2"+. The direct injection of carbon into the gas stream (carbon entrainment process) is increasingly being used for the reduction of residual emissions. Tests were performed with a catalytic converter and sorption facility (KASO) on a pilot plant scale using activated carbon or lignite carbon (HOK) mixed with burned lime (CaO). Investigations into volatile pollutant behavior were carried out in this air cleaning system to accomplish the following objectives: - Whether adsorption takes place on the sorbent in the flow phase or in bag filters, - the effects of sorbent residence time in the gas flow and of burned lime on sorption, and - the effects of HOK concentration in the gas flow on the sorption. Chlorobenzene (5 mgC/std.m"3) was used as a model compound for halogenated organic hydrocarbons such as PCDD and PCDF. The experimental results showed that - sorption mainly takes place at the separated sorbent on the filter hoses; - irrespective of the residence time (4.5-18 s), the 10% HOK/CaO mixture with sorption rates of 54% led to better results than the 4%, 20% and 30% mixtures at constant HOK raw gas concentrations; - an optimum sorption rate of 54% was obtained for the 10% sorbent at a HOK raw gas concentration of 100 mg/std.m"3. Investigations into the separation of mercury vapor (Hg"o and Hg"2"+) from simulated flue gases of waste incineration plants will be carried out in the near future. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: ZA 5141(6163) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman